Begash (Kazakhstan)

Begash is a Eurasian pastoralist campsite, located in Semirchye in the piedmont zone of the Dzhungar Mountains of southeastern Kazakhstan, which was occupied episodically between ~2500 BC to AD 1900. The site is located at about 950 meters (3110 feet) above sea level, in a flat ravine terrace enclosed by canyon walls and along a spring-fed stream. Archaeological evidence at the site contains information about some of the earliest pastoralist Steppe Society communities; the important archaeobotanical evidence suggests Begash may have been on the route which moved domestic plants from the point of domestication into the broader world. Timeline and Chronology Archaeological investigations have identified six major phases of occupations. Phase 6 (cal AD 1680-1900), HistoricPhase 5 (cal AD 1260-1410), MedievalPhase 4 (cal AD 70-550), Late Iron AgePhase 3 (970 cal BC-30 cal AD), Early Iron AgePhase 2 (1625-1000 cal BC), Middle-Late Bronze AgePhase 1 (2450-1700 cal BC), Early-Middle Bronze Age A stone foundation for a single house is the earliest structure, built at Begash during Phase Ia. A cist burial, characteristic of other late Bronze Age and Iron Age kurgan burials, contained a cremation: near it was a ritual fire pit. Artifacts associated with Phase 1 include pottery with textile impressions; stone tools including grinders and micro-blades. Phase 2 saw an increase in the number of houses, as well and hearths and pit features; this last was evidence of roughly 600 years of periodic occupation, rather than a permanent settlement. Phase 3 represents the early Iron Age, and contains the pit burial of a young adult woman. Beginning about 390 cal BC, the first substantial residence at the site was built, consisting of two quadrilateral houses with central stone-lined fire-pits and hard-packed floors. The houses were multi-roomed, with stone lined postholes for central roof support. Trash pits and fire-pits are found between the houses. During Phase 4, occupation at Begash is again intermittent, a number of hearths and trash pits have been identified, but not much else. The final phases of occupation, 5 and 6, have substantial large rectangular foundations and corrals still detectable on the modern surface. Plants from Begash Within soils samples taken from the Phase 1a burial cist and associated funerary fire pit were discovered seeds of domesticated wheat, broomcorn millet and barley. This evidence is interpreted by the excavators, an assertion supported by many other scholars, as indication of a distinct route of transmission of wheat and millet from the central Asian mountains and into the steppes by the late 3rd millennium BC (Frachetti et al. 2010). The wheat consisted of 13 whole seeds of domesticated compact free-threshing wheat, either Triticum aestivum or T. turgidum. Frachetti et al. report that the wheat compares favorably to that from the Indus Valley region in Mehrgarh and other Harappan sites, ca. 2500-2000 cal BC and from Sarazm in western Tajikistan, ca. 2600-2000 BC. A total of 61 carbonized broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) seeds were recovered from various Phase 1a contexts, one of which was direct-dated to 2460-2190 cal BC. One barley grain and 26 cerealia (grains unidentified to species), were also recovered from the same contexts. Other seeds found within the soil samples are wild Chenopodium album, Hyoscyamus spp. (also known as nightshade), Galium spp. (bedstraw) and Stipa spp. (feathergrass or spear grass). See Frachetti et al. 2010 and Spengler et al. 2014 for additional details. Domesticated wheat, broomcorn millet and barley found in this context is surprising, given that the people who occupied Begash were clearly nomadic pastoralists, not farmers. The seeds were found in a ritual context, and Frachetti and colleagues suggest that the botanical evidence represents both a ritual exploitation of exotic foods, and an early trajectory for the diffusion of domestic crops from their points of origin into the broader world. Animal Bones The faunal evidence (nearly 22,000 bones and bone fragments) at Begash contradicts the traditional notion that the emergence of Eurasian pastoralism was sparked by horse riding. Sheep/goat are the most prevalent species within the assemblages, as much as 75% of identified minimum number of individuals (MNI) in the earliest phases to just under 50% in Phase 6. Although distinguishing sheep from goats is notoriously difficult, sheep are much more frequently identified in the Begash assemblage than goats. Cattle are the next most frequently found, making up between 18-32% of the faunal assemblages throughout the occupations; with horse remains not present at all until ca 1950 BC, and then in slowly increasing percentages to around 12% by the medieval period. Other domestic animals include dog and Bactrian camel, and wild species are dominated by red deer (Cervus elaphus) and, in the later period, goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa). Key species at the earliest Middle and Bronze age levels at Begash indicates that sheep/goats and cattle were the predominant species. Unlike other steppe communities, it seems apparent that the earliest phases at Begash were not based on horse riding, but rather began with Eurasian pastoralists. See Frachetti and Benecke for details. Outram et al. (2012), however, have argued that the results from Begash should not be considered necessarily typical of all steppe societies. Their 2012 article compared proportions of cattle, sheep and horses from six other Bronze Age sites in Kazakhstan, to show that dependence on horses seems to varied widely from site to site. Textiles and Pottery Textile-impressed pottery from Begash dated to the Early/Middle and Late Bronze ages reported in 2012 (Doumani and Frachetti) provide evidence for a wide variety of woven textiles in the southeastern steppe zone, beginning in the early Bronze Age. Such a wide variety of woven patterns, including a weft-faced cloth, implies interaction between pastoral and hunter-gatherer societies from the northern steppe with pastoralists to the southeast. Such interaction is likely, say Doumani and Frachetti, to be associated with trade networks postulated to have been established no later than the 3rd millinennium BC. These trade networks are believed to have spread animal and plant domestication out of the along the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor. Archaeology Begash was excavated during the first decade of the 21st century, by the joint Kazakh-American Dzhungar Mountains Archaeology Project (DMAP) under the direction of Alexei N. Maryashev and Michael Frachetti. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Steppe Societies, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Sources for this article are listed on page two. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Steppe Societies, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Betts A, Jia PW, and Dodson J. 2013 The origins of wheat in China and potential pathways for its introduction: A review. Quaternary International in press. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.044 d’Alpoim Guedes J, Lu H, Li Y, Spengler R, Wu X, and Aldenderfer M. 2013. Moving agriculture onto the Tibetan plateau: the archaeobotanical evidence. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences:1-15. doi: 10.1007/s12520-013-0153-4 Doumani PN, and Frachetti MD. 2012. Bronze Age textile evidence in ceramic impressions: weaving and pottery technology among mobile pastoralists of central Eurasia. Antiquity 86(332):368-382. Frachetti MD, and Benecke N. 2009. From sheep to (some) horses: 4500 years of herd structure at the pastoralist settlement of Begash (south-eastern Kazakhstan). Antiquity 83(322):1023-1027. Frachetti MD, and Maryashev AN. 2007. Long-Term Occupation and Seasonal Settlement of Eastern Eurasian Pastoralists at Begash, Kazakhstan. Journal of Field Archaeology 32(3):221-242. doi: 10.1179/009346907791071520 Frachetti MD, Spengler RN, Fritz GJ, and Maryashev AN. 2010. Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the central Eurasian steppe region. Antiquity 84(326):993–1010. Outram AK, Kasparov A, Stear NA, Varfolomeev V, Usmanova E, and Evershed RP. 2012. Patterns of pastoralism in later Bronze Age Kazakhstan: new evidence from faunal and lipid residue analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(7):2424-2435. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.009 Spengler III RN. 2013. Botanical Resource Use in the Bronze and Iron Age of the Central Eurasian Mountain/Steppe Interface: Decision Making in Multiresource Pastoral Economies. St. Louis, Missouri: Washington University in St. Louis. Spengler III RN, Cerasetti B, Tengberg M, Cattani M, and Rouse L. 2014. Agriculturalists and pastoralists: Bronze Age economy of the Murghab alluvial fan, southern Central Asia. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany in press. doi: 10.1007/s00334-014-0448-0 Spengler III RN, Frachetti M, Doumani P, Rouse L, Cerasetti B, Bullion E, and Maryashev A. 2014. Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Eurasia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281(1783). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3382

After Affects of WWI - 1513 Words

After Affects of WWI WWI was, at its time, the largest and most destructive war planet Earth had ever seen. Some countries lost millions of lives and nearly an entire generation. The war casted the world into massive debt and Europe was almost totally razed. The Allies sought revenge and not so surprisingly, they found it. The Treaty of Versailles stated that Germany must accept total fault for the war. Germany was forced to pay reparation money, which it did not have, to the Allies. This drove Germany into greater debt than any other country in the world. Its population felt wronged and cheated. This series of events led to far reaching consequences, ranging from the rise of Hitler and Nazi Germany to the creation of countries such as†¦show more content†¦At this time the World, most likely the allies, should have intervened but the tolls taken by the First World War were seen as too great. France which was almost completely decimated by the war and still in the process of rebuilding from, it w as in no condition to raise a military force. However countries such as England, America although it was in the midst of the great depression, the newly formed Soviet Union should have taken action. Sadly they did not as they all thought that the reproductions of the First World War from the aforementioned death tolls to the economic down turns of the world, the major military powers of the world neglected the problem because they were more concerned with the well being of their own counties at the time. Most likely no military action would have been necessary because The Nazi party’s early years consisted of taking tiny little steps toward govt. change and expansion of German borders, poking and prodding waiting for a response and when none came The Nazi Party ran wild. But perhaps the most far reaching consequences were the new border lines that it drew. 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Environmentalists Confront Overpopulation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Environmentalists Confront Overpopulation. Answer: Introduction Overpopulation is a condition where the number of the existing population exceeds the number of resources available for the survival of the population comfortably. This condition is undesirable as it affects the ability of human capacity in that environment to be adequately productive thus becoming an issue. This condition is or can be influenced by various factors that some include; reduced rate of mortality, reduced use of birth control measures, and availability of better medical facilities with well provided medical services among others (MONROE, 2014). Overpopulation is one of the major threats to human growth and development today because it influences massive increase of environmental pollution, overconsumption of the natural resources such as farming products, fresh water, and land among others. Overpopulation is an environmental issue that has resulted in various effects. These effects tend to negatively affect the rate at which activities intended for development take place due to overutilization of the available natural resources. Some of these include; Increased conflicts and wars. As a result of the increased population over the available natural resources results to disagreements and wars (SINGH, SINGH, SRIVASTAVA, 2017). As a major effect, the strain of resources to utilize on development issues of both the environment and the people has been encouraged. For the development of both the people and the environment at large, natural resources are very important and its depletion results to disagreements. Example, water is a natural resource that is required by both human population, as well as the environment and its over depletion, may result in reduced life span, low levels of development, as well as reduced human activities as nobody, can survive without water (EMMOTT, 2013). The high cost of living as well as increasing rates of unemployment. Overpopulation is characterized by increased number of population that is focused on using the same set of natural resources. As a result, people tend to strain on acquiring the same resources important for survival thus increasing the cost of acquiring the products (CAFARO CRIST, 2012). This is very unfortunate and is an issue that negatively affects the environment as a whole. Increasing rates of unemployment have also been as a result of increasing rates of the population that only the most qualified ones tend to acquire the few existing job opportunities. In some cases, overpopulation tends to employ the scientific fact of survival for the fittest as only the few can get access to the resources as well as the existing job opportunities. I choose this topic on overpopulation because its really a big issue. Having outlined the various effects enhanced by overpopulation on the rate of growth and development of both the environment and human population, its clear to notice that this condition is a real threat for development. To improve on this, the condition can be reduced or positively dealt with through empowering people on the need to control the rates of population growth. This can be done by providing adequate sex education as even the very young are giving birth in this era, create awareness on the use of family planning methods among the people as a measure of birth control among other factors. Overpopulation is a serious and big issue and should be controlled using the right means. References CAFARO, P., CRIST, E. 2012. Life on the brink: environmentalists confront overpopulation. Athens, University of Georgia Press. EMMOTT, S. 2013. 10 billion. MONROE, J. S. 2014. The changing earth: exploring geology and evolution. SINGH, R. P., SINGH, A., SRIVASTAVA, V. 2017. Environmental issues surrounding human overpopulation.

X Barbiturate use in the pre

X Barbiturate use in the pre-benzodiazepine period Essay xBarbiturate use in the pre-benzodiazepine period was such that, in the United Statesalone, production of these drugs reached, in 1955, the quantity necessary for the treatment of 10 million people throughout an entire year (Lopez-Munoz,Ucha-Udabe, and Alamo 336).While Bradburys novel was being written, the Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1951) to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938) divided medicines into two categoriesas a reaction to this problem: prescription and over-the-counter.By 1952 and 1956, the Narcotics Expert Committee of the WorldHealthOrganizationrecommended that barbiturates should only be available on prescription.The novelssalient overdose episode argues thatsedative abuse is the individuals response to a culture hostile to memory and the cultivation of thought. Cultural hostility to critical thought is revealed by structures of formal education. Schooling isan hour of TV class, an hour of basketball or baseball or running, another hour of transcription history or p ainting pictureswe never ask questionsthey just run the answers at you,bing,bing,bing, and us sitting there for four more hours of film-teacher.Thats not social to me at all(37).Schools of the future exploit the televisionseffect ofquick and wide spreading of current and often emotionally charged information which is designed and destined to be forgotten at the instant of its reception (Mockel-Rieke9).History, thecurriculumslaudatortemporisacte, is reduced torote transcription, areductioadabsurdam, a simulation of memory.As a curricular subject, Historythe narrative of actual events and speculation about their causes, derived from meditative acts of reading andquestioningother representations of the past, and composing new materialabouteventsis purposelyrendered impotent. We will write a custom essay on X Barbiturate use in the pre-benzodiazepine period specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now